The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) represent the international community’s renewed commitment to overcome persistent poverty. It has been widely recognized that the improvement of water supply and sanitation is a core element of poverty reduction and conflict prevention. This volume provides valuable insights into the challenges of monitoring progress towards the MDGs for water and sanitation and formulates recommendations in view of improving the existing initiatives to provide the international community with core information to allow for focussing of political and policy reform efforts as well as channeling of financial resources.